Modern school geography and atlas

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Monograph

Persistent identifier:: PPN35595947X

URN:: urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-db-id35595947X7

Title:: Geographische Fragen, Worinnen Die nohtwendigsten Stücke Der Erd-Beschreibung Auf eine kurtze und deutliche Methode Den Anfängern dieser Wissenschafft gewiesen werden

Shelfmark:: 36.8.5926

Author:: Berckenmeyer, Paul Ludolph

Place of publication:: Hamburg

Publisher:: Schiller

Document type:: Monograph

Collection:: Geography textbooks,pre-1871

Publication year:: 1708

Scope:: [4] Bl., 152 S., [1] gef. Bl.

Copyright:: Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden

Language:: German

Chapter

Title:: Vorbereitung

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

INTRODUCTION. Note "The duration of twilight is the length of time from sunset to the end of twilight, or in the morning from dawn to zunrise. Exercises. Find the duration of twilight on the 23rd of Sept. and 21st of December, and 21st June at (1) the Equa- tor, (2) the parallel of 45° N.,And (3) the Arctic Circle ; also '4) at Moscow on the 20th of August. Ans. Sept. 23 :—(1) 1h. 12m. ; (2) 1h. 30m. ; (3) 3h. 15m, Aug. 20,— (4) 3hrs. XI. To find the altitude of the sun at noon at a given place, on a given day. , Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring the zun’s place in the ecliptic for the given day to the universal meridian ; the number of degrees on the meridian between ;he sun’s place and the horizon will be the sun’s meridian altitude. Exercises. Find the meridian altitude of the sun (1) at London on the 11th of January, (2) at Pekin on the4th of July, Bat Constantinople on the 8th of November, (4) at Frederic- ton on the 25th of December and on the 2lst of June. Ans. (1) 163°, (2) 73°, (3) 328°, XII. Any place in the North Frigid Zone being given, ;o find how long the sun shines there without setting, and how long he is below the horizon without rising. Subtract the latitude of the place from 90°; the remainder is the sun’s declination north when the longest day begins and ends, or his declination south when the longest night begins and ends. Find these declinations (or latitudes) on the brass meridian, and by turning the globe find the four points on the ecliptic which agree with them, observing in each case the sign and degree of the ecliptice. "Then find, on the wooden horizon, the days corresponding to these four points. The days answering to the sun’s place west and east of 0° Cancer, are the commencement and close of the longest day ; the days answering to the sun’s place west and east of 0° Üapricornur are the commencement and close of the longest night. Note. No day nor night other than the longest exceeds 24 hours in length. Exercises, Find the length of the longest day (1) at Cape North in Norway, and (2) at the northern point of Nova Zembla ; also of the longest night (3) at Melville Island, 75° N. lat., and (4) at 879 N. Ans. (1) May 15 to July 29.—76 Ans ; (2) April 25 to Aug. 19,—117 days; (3) Nov. 3 to Feb. DIVISIONS OF THE LAND. About one-quarter of the Earth’s surface consists of (and, the different parts of which are known by the fol- lowing names: A Continent is a large extont of and comprising several countries, An Island is a smaller extent of and wholly gurrounded by water, A oluster or group of islands is salled an Archiyelago. A Paninsula is a portion of land most aurrounded by water, An Ieathmus is a narrow neck of and connecting two larger por- :jons of land. A Camye is a voint of land pro- ‚ecting into the seß; and if high ır monntainous, is called a Pro- nontory. A Shore or Coast is the edge or nargin of land bordering on water. A Mountain is a portion of land sing to ® considerable height +bove the aurrounding country, A Hill in m smaller elevation, A Range or Chain is a line of nountains or hills extending for a jonsiderable distance in one direc- :jon and having a common base, A Valley ie that portion of land which lies between mountains or aills, A Volcano is a mountain which hırows out fire, smoke, lava, and ıshes. The opening from which ‘hey iasne i8 called the crater. A Plain is a tract of level land, and when considerably raised ‚bove the level of the sem, it ie :alled a Plateau, oT table-land. Plains are varioualy designated n different countries, In North America they are called Prairies ınd Savannahs ; in South America, "lanos and Pampas ; and in Rus sin, Steppes and Tundras, A Desert is a barren tract of zountry, covered with sand or rocks, An Oasis is m fertile apot in a desert, A Prairie is ® traot of land, zenerally fat, or alightly undulat- ing, covered with long grass or amall shrubs, A Water-ashed or water-parting is @ more or less elevated region 5r mountain ridge from which streams flow in opposite direc- tions. DIVISIONS OF THE WATER. About three-quarters of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, the different parts of which are known by he following names: An Ocean is an extensive body yf alt water. Although the ocean nny be said to be one great body of water, it is subdivided into amaller portions, which are also called Dcean8, A Sea is a amaller portion of 3alt water, A Gulf or Bay is a portion of water extending into, and alnıost yarrounded by land. A Strait isn narrow portion of vater connecting two seas, When t is shallow, so that it may be jounded or fathomed, it 18 called x Sound. A Channel is n portion of water onnecting two Peasß, but longer ınd broader than a struit. The ame name is often applied to the 210llow bed of a river. A Lake is ® body of fresh water wholly aurrounded by land. A Lagoon is a very shallow Jake or inlet of the sea, A River is a stream of fresh water, running into a lake, sea, OT ınother river. Small rivers Arc walled Streums, Crecks, Brooke, or Rivulets, A Bastn is a tract of Iand Arained or watered hy n river, A. Delia is that portion of land 06- supying the space between the different moutha of the same river. A Tributary or afflnent is a amaller river flowing into a larger ne, The Confuence of two riv- ars is the point where they unite. An Estuary or Firth is an arm »f the sea extending into the land to meet a river, and appearing to form s continuation of the river. A Haven, Port, or Harbor is an anclosed area of water in which zhips may find ahelter, A Road sr Roadstead is a larger area of water affording safe anchorage. A Glacier is a river-like fleld of ice which forms in £he upper val- leys of lofty mountains and melta hen it reaches the warmıer val- eys benenth. An Iceberg is an immense float- Ing mass of ice from the Arctic or Antaroctic regions. An Ocean Current ja nm great Aver-Kike current fowing through ;he comparatively motiunless War ters of the 0CeaN. GIROLES ON THE GLOBE. For convenience of measurement and calculation, the zurface of the globe is divided by various imaginary Cir- les, which are shown by lines on the map. . A Map is a representation of the Earth, or a part of it m a plane surface, "The upper part of a map is generally North ; the lower, South; the right hand, East; the left hand, West. The Equator is an imaginary circle drawn round the Earth, at an equal distance from £he poles, and dividing Ihe Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, A Hemisphere is the half of a globe or sphere. The lines running from East to West across the map

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