EUROPE.
Ss strongly fortified, and is the prineipal dockyard and
station for the British navy. Plymouth and Deronport,
on the south coast, and Chathum, Sheerness, Woolwich,
and ‚Deptford, on the Thames, have also extensive dock-
yarda, Woolwich has the largest arsenal and manufacto-
ries of war materials in Great Britain.
(Vanchester, with Salford (569,900), is the centre of
the. eotton-manufacturing trade, and the second city in
population ; } (Ndham, Preston, Bolton, Stockport, Roch-
Ale, and ofher cities, have large cotton manufactures.
ÜDirminghaun (400,750) is celebrated for the extent,
variety, and excellence of its metallic manufactures ;
SheffiHl, (284,000) for cutlery, hardware, and plated
goods.) Dudley, Walsall, and Wolrerhampton are the chief
zeats of the iron trade; and Newcastle, Sunderland, and
“3ields of the coal trade.
Leeds 349,000) is the chief centre for the woollen man-
ufnetures, which are also largely carried on in Bradford
(180,000), /fulifur, and Jhuddersfield ; Nottingham is cel-
ebrated for its 1ace manufactures ; Mucelesfield, Derby, and
Coventry for silks; Kidderminster for carpets; Worecester
for porcelain + Stoke, Hanley, and Neweastle-v uder-Lyne
for pottery ; Cunterbury and York are distinguished for
their magnilicent cathedrals, and as the seats of the
archbishopries; Ouyford and Canmbridye for their celebra-
ted universities and magnificent buildings.
Luncashire is the chief county for cotion manufac-
tures ; Yorkshire for woollens ; StufFordshire for pottery ;
Durham and Northumberland for coal mines; Cornwall
and Deron for tin and copper; the counties of Wales for
iron and coal,
Merthyr-Tydvil is one of the largest cities in Wales,
and is distinguished for its extensive coal mines and iron
works. Curdif (85,378) is the great shipping‘ port for
coal, and Saansem is famous for its smelting works.
Pembroke has a Government dockyard, and Mülford Haven
& macnifieent harbor.
Aran, 30,465 square miles ; rather larger than New Brunswick and
Prince Edward Island ; pomalation, 3.735.000 ; nersons to sannre
mile, 122.
Scotland forms the northern part of the island of
(ireat Britain, and is bounded on the north by the At-
Jantie Ocean; on the west by {he Atlantic Ocean and
North Channel; on the south by England; and on the
east by the North Sea,
It is divided into 33 counties or shires,
Eleven Northern,
Principal Town8,
Kirkwall, Stromness, Lerwick.
Wick, Thurso,
Dornoch.
Dingwall, Tain, Fortrose, Stornoway
(Island of Lewis).
Aromarty.
SCOTLAND.
Counties,
Orkney and Shetle-?
Daithness, .
Sutherland.
Rose, .
Cromarty,
Principal Torons.
Inverness, Portree (Isle of Skye).
Nairn.
Elgin, Forres,
Banft, Cullen, Porteoy, Keith.
Aberdeen, Peterhend.
Stonehaven, Bervie.
Nine Middle,
Forfar, Dundee, Montrose, Arbroath,
Brechin,
Perth, Crieff, Dunkeld, Dunblane.
Cupar, St. Andrews, Dunfermline,
Kirkcaldy, Dysart.
Kinross,
Clackmannan, Alloa,
Stirling, Falkirk, Bannockburn,
Dumbarton, Kirkintilloch, Helens-
burgh,
{nverary, Campbelton, Oban,
® Rothesay, Lamlash (Isle of Arran).
Thirteen. Southern.
Haddington Or Bast-Loth- | Huddington, Dunbar.
adinburgh or Mid- Lothian, Edinburgh, Leith, Musselburgh, Por-
tobello, Dalkeith,
Linlithgow or West-L-th-? Linlichgow, Borrowstounness (or Bo-
jan, . & ness), Bathgate,
3erwick, . reenlaw, Dunse, Coldstream,
Zoxburgh, . Tedburgh, Kelso, Hawick, Melrose,
Selkirk, Sclkirk, Galashiels,
>eebles, % Pecbles, Inverleithen.
hanark, Alnsgow, Lannrk, Airdrie, Hamilton,
Renfrew, Renfrew, Paisley, Greenock, Port-
Glasgow.
\yrshire, . Ayr, Kilmarnock, Irvine, Ardrosran,
Jumfries, Dumfries, Annan.
Zirkoudbright, Kirkeudbright, New Galloway,
Wigton, . Wigton, Portpatrick,
Scotland is very mountainous, especially in the north
and west. The Grampian Mountains form the prineipal
shain, and extend {rom Argyleshire in 2 north-easterl1y
Jirection to Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nerts, the highest sum-
mit, rises 4,406 feet above the sea. "The north-west is
antirely ocenpied by rugged masses of mountains, and is
salled the Northern Highlands; the highest summit is
Ben Attow, 4,000 feet high. The south and east consist
»hiefly of gently undulating plains, crossed by smaller
ranges of hills, as the Zowther and Chertot TIls in the
xnıth, the Lummermuir and Ochil Hills im the east, be-
les other small ranges.
The mountainous country in the north and north-west
‚£ Scotland is called the Highlands ; the more Jevel
sountry, in the east and south, the Lowlands. "The in-
ıabitants of the Highlands are Celts, and still speak the
jaelic langnage, while those of the Lowlands are chiefly
;f£ Saxon origin, like the English. *
The general slope of the country is easterly from the
Highlands, the Clyde being the only river of importance
jowing westwards. The principal rivers are: the Zreed,
Worth, Tuy, Dee, and Spey, Nowing east; the Clyde,
jowing west; and several small rivers, lowing into the
jolway Firth.
Suotland abonuds with lakes celebrated for their pic-
suresque beauty, being generally surrounded by lofty
vugged mountains. Among the Grampians are Zoch Lo-
inond. Loch Kutrene, Loch Burn, Loch Tay, Loch Rannoch,
Countie8.
'nverness, .
Vairn, .
3lgin, .
3anff, .
Aberdeen, .
Zincardine, .
Forfar, . .
Serth, - .
Tife, . .
Cinross, *
YNackmannan,
Stirling, #
DYumbarton, . 4
Argyle, ı „0
Bute, . - -
