1685] 
THE HOUSE OF STUART 
187 
possible to imprison a man without just cause, or to keep 
him in jail for any length of time without a trial. 
189. Whig and Tory.—In was during the excitement over 
the Exelusion Bill that the words Whig and Tory first came 
into general use. The friends of the Duke.of York were 
naturally opponents of the bill. Some one noted that the 
duke favourcd Irishmen, and immediately all who opposed 
the measure were called Tories, which originally signified 
an Irish robber or “ bog-trotter,”” that is, a man who lived 
an outcast life among the bogs. A little later the friends of 
the bill were called Whigs, which was a nickname first 
yiven to Scottish rebels. Within a very few years these 
nicknames were accepted by the people to whom they were 
riven, and a little later they became the names of the two 
great parties into which England was divided. 
190. The death of the king.—Charles was now only fifty- 
five years of age, but he was old before his time, worn 
out with dissipation. He died in 1685. Even at the 
point of death, however, his ready wit and cheerfulness 
did not desert him, and to those who were with him he 
apologized for being so long in dying. 
SUMMARY 
On the return of Charles II the regicide judges were punished, 
Parliament was devoted to an extravagant, ungrateful, and dissolute 
king, who cared for little but his own disgraceful amusements. 
Gradually two parties were formed in the kingdom, one determined to 
maintain the hereditary succession to thethrone, a course that would 
increase the power of the sovereign; the other determined to secure 
for the future a Protestant ruler. The reign was marked by the Great 
Plague, which was followed by the Great Fire of London. Wars, 
which brought disgrace upon England, were fought with the Dutch, 
and the shameful treaty of Dover was concluded with France, Puritans 
and Quakers were persecuted. The harassing of the Puritans brought 
forth “ The Pilgrim’s Progress,” written by John Bunyan. The Habeas 
Cornus Act was passed. 
5 JAMys Il. 1685-1688 
191. The accession of James 11.— When the Duke of York 
zaueceeded to the throne as James IT, the nation on the whole